HJNO Sep/Oct 2023

CTE 34 SEP / OCT 2023 I  HEALTHCARE JOURNAL OF NEW ORLEANS ball. Med Sci. Sports Exerc 52, 449–456 (2020). 17 Kerr, Z. Y. et al. Estimating Contact Exposure in Football Using the Head Impact Exposure Estimate. J. Neurotrauma 32, 1083–1089 (2015). 18 Lynall, R. C., Lempke, L. B., Johnson, R. S., Anderson, M. N. & Schmidt, J. D. A Comparison of Youth Flag and Tackle Football Head Impact Biomechanics. J. Neurotrauma 36, 1752–1757 (2019). 19 Maerlender, A. et al. Neuropsychological Change After a Single Season of Head Impact Exposure in Youth Football. J. Int Neuropsychol. Soc. 27, 113–123 (2021). 20 Munce, T. A., Dorman, J. C., Thompson, P. A., Val- entine, V. D. & Bergeron, M. F. Head Impact Exposure and Neurologic Function of Youth Football Players. Med Sci. Sports Exerc 47, 1567–1576 (2015). 21 Sproule, D. W., Campolettano, E. T. & Rowson, S. Football helmet impact standards in relation to on- field impacts. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. P J. Sport Eng. Technol. 231, 317–323 (2017). 22 Yeargin, S. W., Kingsley, P., Mensch, J. M., Mihalik, J. P. & Monsma, E. V. Anthropometrics and maturity status: A prelimi- nary study of youth football head impact biomechan- ics. Int J. Psychophysiol. 132, 87–92 (2018). 23 Young, T., Rowson, S. & Duma, S. M. High magni- tude head impacts experienced during youth football practices. Biomed. Sci. Instrum. 50, 100–105 (2014). 24 Broglio, S. P. et al. Head impacts during high school football: a biomechanical assessment. J. Athl. Train. 44, 342–349 (2009). 25 Broglio, S. P. et al. Cumulative head impact burden in high school football. J. Neurotrauma 28, 2069– 2078 (2011). 26 Broglio, S. P., Williams, R. M., O’Connor, K. L. & Gold- stick, J. Football Players’ Head-Impact Exposure Af- ter Limiting of Full-Contact Practices. J. Athl. Train. 51, 511–518 (2016). 27 Eckner, J. T., Sabin, M., Kutcher, J. S. & Broglio, S. P. No evidence for a cumulative impact effect on con- cussion injury threshold. J. Neurotrauma 28, 2079– 2090 (2011). 28 Kuzminski, S. J. et al. White Matter Changes Related to Subconcussive Impact Frequency during a Single Season of High School Football. AJNR Am. J. Neuro- radiol. 39, 245–251 (2018). 29 Martini, D., Eckner, J., Kutcher, J. & Broglio, S. P. Sub- concussive head impact biomechanics: comparing differing offensive schemes. Med Sci. Sports Exerc 45, 755–761 (2013). 30 Reynolds, B. B. et al. Comparative Analysis of Head Impact in Contact and Collision Sports. J. Neurotrau- ma 34, 38–49 (2017). 31 Bazarian, J. J. et al. Persistent, long-term cerebral white matter changes after sports-related repetitive head impacts. PLoS One 9, e94734 (2014). 32 Brolinson, P. G. et al. Analysis of linear head accel- erations from collegiate football impacts. Curr. Sports Med Rep. 5, 23–28 (2006). 33 Buckley, T. A. et al. Repetitive Head Impacts in Football Do Not Impair Dynamic Postural Control. Med Sci. Sports Exerc 51, 132–140 (2019). 34 Campolettano, E. T. et al. Factors Affecting Head Impact Exposure in College Football Practices: A Multi-Institutional Study. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 47, 2086–2093 (2019). 35 Crisco, J. J. et al. Frequency and location of head impact exposures in individual collegiate football players. J. Athl. Train. 45, 549–559 (2010). 36 Crisco, J. J. et al. Head impact exposure in colle- giate football players. J. Biomech. 44, 2673–2678 (2011). 37 Crisco, J. J. et al. Magnitude of head impact expo- sures in individual collegiate football players. J. Appl Biomech. 28, 174– 183 (2012). 38 Ford, J. M. et al. Can Functional Movement Assess- ment Predict Football Head Impact Biomechanics? Med Sci. Sports Exerc 50, 1233–1240 (2018). 39 Gwin, J. T. et al. An investigation of the NOCSAE lin- ear impactor test method based on in vivo measures of head impact acceleration in American football. J. Biomech. Eng. 132, 011006 (2010). 40 Mihalik, J. P., Bell, D. R., Marshall, S. W.& Guskiewicz, K. M. Measurement of head impacts in collegiate football players: an investigation of positional and event-type differences. Neurosurgery 61, 1229–1235 (2007). ; discussion 1235. 41 Stemper, B. D. et al. Repetitive Head Impact Ex- posure in College Football Following an NCAA Rule Change to Eliminate Two-A-Day Preseason Practices: A Study from the NCAA-DoD CARE Consortium. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 47, 2073–2085 (2019). 42 Montenigro, P. H. et al. Cumulative Head Impact Exposure Predicts Later-Life Depression, Apathy, Executive Dysfunction, and Cognitive Impairment in Former High School and College Football Players. J. Neurotrauma 34, 328–340 (2017). 43 Alosco, M. L. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid tau, Aß, and sTREM2 in Former National Football League Players: Modeling the relationship between repetitive head impacts, microglial activation, and neurodegenera- tion. Alzheimers Dement 14, 1159–1170 (2018). 44 Alosco, M. L. et al. Repetitive head impact expo- sure and later-life plasma total tau in former National Football League players. Alzheimers Dement (Amst.) 7, 33–40 (2016). 45 Kmush, B. L. et al. Association of Professional Foot- ball Cumulative Head Impact Index Scores With All- Cause Mortality Among National Football League Players. JAMA Netw. Open 3, e204442 (2020). 46 Rossides, M. et al. Childhood cancer risk in off- spring of parents occupationally exposed to dusts: A register-based nested case-control study from Swe- den of 5 decades. Cancer https://doi.org/ 10.1002/ cncr.34116.(2022) 47 Lehman, E. J., Hein, M. J., Baron, S. L. & Gersic, C. M. Neurodegenerative causes of death among re- tired National Football League players. Neurology 79, 1970–1974 (2012). 48 Mehra, M., Brody, P. & Maugans, T. A. Employing Google Trends to Assess Concussion Search Popu- larity, Seasonality, and Association With High School Sports Participation. Neurology 98, S9–S10 (2022). 49 Tagge, C. A. et al. Concussion, microvascular injury, and early tauopathy in young athletes after impact head injury and an impact concussion mouse model. Brain 141, 422–458 (2018). 50 Babcock, K. J. et al. Interface astrogliosis in contact sport head impacts and military blast exposure. Acta Neuropathol. Commun. 10, 52 (2022). 51 Cherry, J. D. et al. CCL2 is associated with microg- lia and macrophage recruitment in chronic trau- matic encephalopathy. J. Neuroinflammation 17, 370 (2020). 52 Johnson, V. E., Stewart, W., Arena, J. D. & Smith, D. H. Traumatic Brain Injury as a Trigger of Neurodegen- eration. Adv. Neurobiol. 15, 383–400 (2017). 53 Meaney, D. F., Morrison, B. & Dale Bass, C. The me- chanics of traumatic brain injury: a review of what we know and what we need to know for reducing its societal burden. J. Biomech. Eng. 136, 021008 (2014). 54 Ghajari, M., Hellyer, P. J. & Sharp, D. J. Computa- tional modelling of traumatic brain injury predicts the location of chronic traumatic encephalopathy pathol- ogy. Brain 140, 333–343 (2017). 55 Ng, T. P., Bussone, W. R. & Duma, S. M. The effect of gender and body size on linear accelerations of the head observed during daily activities. Biomed. Sci. Instrum. 42, 25–30 (2006). 56 Stern, R. A. et al. Long-term consequences of re- petitive brain trauma: chronic traumatic encepha- lopathy. PM R. 3, S460–S467 (2011). 57 Daneshvar, D. H., Nowinski, C. J., McKee, A. C. & Cantu, R. C. The epidemiology of sport-related con- cussion. Clin. Sports Med 30, 1–17 (2011). vii. 58 Cummiskey, B. et al. Reliability and accuracy of helmet-mounted and head-mounted devices used to measure head accelerations. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part P: J. Sports Eng. Technol. 231, 144–153 (2017). 59 Mez, J. et al. Assessing clinicopathological correla- tion in chronic traumatic encephalopathy: rationale and methods for the UNITE study. Alzheimers Res Ther. 7, 62 (2015). 60 Au, R. et al. The Framingham Brain Donation Pro- gram: Neuropathology Along the Cognitive Continu- um. Curr. Alzheimer Res 9, 673–686 (2012). 61 Daneshvar, D. H. et al. Incidence of and Mortality From Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in National Foot- ball League Athletes. JAMA Netw. Open 4, e2138801 (2021). 62 Woerman, A. L. et al. Tau prions from Alzheimer’s disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy pa- tients propagate in cultured cells. PNAS 113, E8187– E8196 (2016). 63 Montine, T. J. et al. National Institute on Aging–Al- zheimer’s Association guidelines for the neuropatho- logic assessment of Alzheimer’s disease: a practical approach. Acta Neuropathol. 123, 1–11 (2012). 64 McKeith, I. G. Consensus guidelines for the clini- cal and pathologic diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): Report of the Consortium on DLB In- ternational Workshop. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 9, 417–423 (2006). 65 Litvan, I. et al. Validity and Reliability of the Prelimi- nary NINDS Neuropathologic Criteria for Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Related Disorders. J. Neuro- pathol. Exp. Neurol. 55, 97–105 (1996). 66 Dickson, D. W. Neuropathology of non-Alzheimer degenerative disorders. Int J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 3, 1–23 (2009). 67 Brownell, B., Oppenheimer, D. R.& Hughes, J. T. The central nervous system in motor neurone disease. J. Neurol., Neurosurg. Psychiatry 33, 338–357 (1970). 68 Alosco, M. L. et al. Characterizing tau deposition in chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE): utility of the McKee CTE staging scheme. Acta Neuropathol. 140, 495–512 (2020). 69 Page, M. J. et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Syst. Rev. 10, 89 (2021). 70 Efron, B. Bootstrap Methods: Another Look at the Jackknife. Ann. Stat. 7, 1–26 (1979). ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Supplementary information The online version con- tains supplementary material available at https://doi. org/10.1038/s41467-023-39183-0. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Daniel H. Daneshvar. Peer review information Nature Communications thanks Breton Asken and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Reprints and permissions information is available at http://www.nature.com/reprints Open Access This article is licensed under a Cre- ative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Com- mons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this ar- ticle are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/ li- censes/by/4.0/. This Open Access Article has been edited for space purposes. The full article can be found on- line at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39183-0. US Healthcare Journals would like to thank Nature Communications for use of this article.