Research conducted by Jason Middleton, PhD, Assistant Professor of Cell Biology and Anatomy, and Neuroscience at LSU Health New Orleans School of Medicine, and colleagues may lead to a treatment to prevent long-term sensory problems by restoring normal brain function in survivors of cardiac arrest. The study, done in a rodent model and using modeling data, is published online in eNeuro, an open-access journal of the Society for Neuroscience, and is available here.
Cardiac arrest is a common cause of brain injury. When the brain is deprived of oxygen, not only can cells die, but surviving cells can suffer damage resulting in long-term sensory dysfunction in the cortex. The cerebral cortex is the outer covering of the brain – the gray matter that covers hemispheres of the brain, like a helmet. This is the part of the brain that receives sensory input, such as vision, hearing, and touch. Areas of the cortex are also involved in more complex functions, such as memory, language, creativity, judgement, and emotion.
The research team studied the long-term impact of cardiac arrest on the cortex in a rat model. They measured sensory response, and found that after oxygen deprivation, the sensory circuits in the cortex are less responsive with behavioral deficits. Their data suggests that cardiac arrest and resuscitation permanently affect cortical circuit function in survivors.
“Our work characterizes the changes that occur in the sensory cortex after a form of global hypoxic injury in juvenile rats,” notes Dr. Middleton. “The injury did not result in widespread cell death, as occurs in other forms of acute, focal ischemic injury. The deficits uncovered were subtler, and reflected decreased ability of the cortex to discriminate sensory stimuli. We used computer modeling of the neural network to implicate changes in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in the cortex.”
According to the American Heart Association, more than 350,000 Americans experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest last year. With bystander CPR, 46.1% survived.
"These findings lay the groundwork for further studies to pinpoint therapeutic targets to restore excitatory/inhibitory balance in the injured brain, and mitigate sensory deficits later in life,” concludes Middleton.
The research team also included Drs. Daniel J. Simons, Robert S. B. Clark, and Patrick M. Kochanek from the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Drs. Jennifer W. Simmons and Michael Shoykhet from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis.
The research was supported by NIH Grants K08 NS-082362, 75 NS19950, HD045968, the Pediatric Critical Care Scientist Development Program (5K12-HD04739-8, University of Utah), Children’s Discovery Institute of the St. Louis Children’s Hospital, McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience, and Child Health Research Center of Excellence in Developmental Biology at Washington University School of Medicine (K12-HD01487).